Former OpenAI researcher Nick Cammarata says most AI neurons are now interpretable

The Goodfire researcher argues large neural networks are far cleaner inside than the field once believed, though not everyone is convinced Nick Cammarata, a researcher at interpretability startup Goodfire and formerly with OpenAI , argues that most neurons in large models can now be understood, and that our grasp of neural circuits has improved significantly. Cammarata laid out the case in an essay published October 15, 2026, titled “Neural Networks Are Already Clean.” His central claim is that modern large networks have a clearer internal structure than earlier research suggested, with the majority of neurons performing distinct roles rather than being “polysemantic” — firing for a grab bag of unrelated concepts.

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