Avalanche L1s Give Applications Control Over Validator Rules

Avalanche’s layer-1 model lets application networks choose their own validator rules, fees and access controls, a design introduced by the Etna upgrade that separated newer L1s from legacy Subnets. The Etna upgrade took effect Dec. 16, 2024. Before it, Subnet validators were drawn from Avalanche’s Primary Network validator set and had to validate that network while meeting a minimum stake of 2,000 Avalanche (AVAX) tokens. Networks created through the older process remain Subnets; the newer L1 model gives each network control over its own validator set. L1 validators do not need to validate the Primary Network. They sync the P-Chain, which serves as a shared record of validator sets, and pay a continuous fee to it.

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